Comprehensive Review of AI Applications in Medical Diagnostics: Techniques, Challenges, and Future Directions

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.56286/bhssed43

Keywords:

Artificial Intelligence, Medical Diagnostics, Machine learning, Deep Learning, Medical Imaging

Abstract

Artificial intelligence (AI) has enhance critical to implant healing interpreter, accompanying the allure of the potential to improve the speed, veracity, and ability of ailment disease and classification This study determines an all-encompassing review of current advances in AI requests across miscellaneous healing concentration, containing endemic disease discovery, main central nervous system, cardiology, tumor, and ophthalmology. The review examines standard AI systems to a degree, deep learning, machine intelligence, and mixture models, emphasizing their effectiveness in demonstrative tasks including biosignals, clinical dataset, and medical depictions. In addition, the study debate challenges to executing AI in healthcare, including limited data, model interpretability, moral concerns, and legal limits. The study decides by investigating future directions, including allied education, explainable AI, and unification accompanying the Internet of Medical Things (IoMT). In order to close the scientific and practical gaps between AI research and clinical use, this study integrates insights from infectious illnesses, cardiology, neurology, ophthalmology, and oncology. For researchers, physicians, and legislators seeking to appreciate the potential and disadvantages of artificial intelligence in reconstructing medical diagnoses, this study serves as a priceless resource.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Baklola M, Elmahdi RR, Ali S, Elshenawy M, Mossad AM, Al-Bawah N, Mansour RM. Artificial intelligence in disease diagnostics: a comprehensive narrative review of current advances, applications, and future challenges in healthcare. Ann Med Surg (Lond). 2025;87(7):4237-4245. doi: 10.1097/MS9.0000000000003423

Baker SA, Rashid SJ, Alsaif OI. Fog computing: a comprehensive review of architectures, applications, and security challenges. NTU J Eng Technol. 2023;2(2). Available from: https://journals.ntu.edu.iq

Enad HG, Mohammed MA. A review on artificial intelligence and quantum machine learning for heart disease diagnosis: current techniques, challenges and issues, recent developments, and future directions. Fusion Pract Appl. 2023;11(1). doi: 10.54216/FPA.110101

Li X, Zhang L, Yang J, Teng F. Role of artificial intelligence in medical image analysis: a review of current trends and future directions. J Med Biol Eng. 2024;44(2):231-243.Available from: https://link.springer.com

Alsabah M, Naser MA, Albahri AS, Albahri OS, Alamoodi AH, Abdulhussain SH, Alzubaidi L. A comprehensive review on key technologies toward smart healthcare systems based IoT: technical aspects, challenges and future directions. Artif Intell Rev. 2025;58(11):343. Available from: https://link.springer.com

Bahadir CD, Omar M, Rosenthal J, et al. Artificial intelligence applications in histopathology. Nat Rev Electr Eng. 2024; 1:93-108. doi: 10.1038/s44287-023-00012-7

Liu X, et al. Artificial intelligence in medical imaging: current status and future challenges. Nat Rev Clin Oncol. 2023;20(5):323-338. Available from: https://www.nature.com

Asif S, Wenhui Y, ur-Rehman S, ul-ain Q, Amjad K, Yueyang Y, et al. Advancements and prospects of machine learning in medical diagnostics: unveiling the future of diagnostic precision. Arch Comput Methods Eng. 2025;32(2):853-883. Available from: https://link.springer.com

Ganguly P, Garine R. Deep learning for 30-day hospitalization prediction in dialysis patients. In: Proc 5th Int Conf Data Intelligence and Cognitive Informatics (ICDICI); 2024; IEEE. p. 792-796. Available from: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org

Mirbabaie M, Stieglitz S, Frick NR. Artificial intelligence in disease diagnostics: a critical review and classification on the current state of research guiding future direction. Health Technol. 2021;11(4):693-731. Available from: https://link.springer.com

Saxena P, Devashish J. Sentiment analysis and topic modeling of patient reviews on psychiatric medications using cloud-based architecture. In: Proc Int Conf Computational, Communication and Information Technology (ICCCIT); 2025; IEEE. Available from: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org

Ennab M, Mcheick H. Enhancing interpretability and accuracy of AI models in healthcare: a comprehensive review on challenges and future directions. Front Robot AI. 2024; 11:1444763. Available from: https://www.frontiersin.org

Musthafa MM, TR M, VK V, Guluwadi S. Enhanced skin cancer diagnosis using optimized CNN architecture and checkpoints for automated dermatological lesion classification. BMC Med Imaging. 2024;24(1):201. Available from: https://bmcmedimaging.biomedcentral.com

Jiang F, Jiang Y, Zhi H, Dong Y. Artificial intelligence in healthcare: past, present and future. Semin Cancer Biol. 2022; 79:1-13. doi: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2021.07.007

Khairandish MO, Sharma M, Jain V, Chatterjee JM, Jhanjhi NZ. A hybrid CNN-SVM threshold segmentation approach for tumor detection and classification of MRI brain images. IRBM. 2022;43(4):290-299. doi: 10.1016/j.irbm.2021.09.002

Topol EJ. High-performance medicine: the convergence of human and artificial intelligence. Nat Med. 2019;25(1):44-56. doi: 10.1038/s41591-018-0300-7

Zhang J, Xie Y, Li Y, Shen C, Xia Y. COVID-19 screening on chest X-ray images using deep learning-based anomaly detection. IEEE Access. 2021; 9:72022-72032. Available from: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org

Şahin E, Arslan NN, Özdemir D. Unlocking the black box: an in-depth review on interpretability, explainability, and reliability in deep learning. Neural Comput Appl. 2025;37(2):859-965. Available from: https://link.springer.com

Nguyen DC, Pham QV, Pathirana PN, Ding M, Seneviratne A, Lin Z, et al. Federated learning for smart healthcare: a survey. ACM Comput Surv. 2022;55(3):1-37. doi: 10.1145/3483596

Houssein EH, Saber E, Ali AA, Wazery YM. Integrating metaheuristics and artificial intelligence for healthcare: basics, challenging and future directions. Artif Intell Rev. 2024;57(8):205. Available from: https://link.springer.com

Aravazhi PS, Gunasekaran P, Benjamin NZY, Thai A, Chandrasekar KK, Kolanu ND, Inban P. The integration of artificial intelligence into clinical medicine: trends, challenges, and future directions. Dis Mon. 2025;101882. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com

Baker SA. Preserving big data privacy in cloud environments based on homomorphic encryption and distributed clustering. NTU J Eng Technol. 2024;3(1). Available from: https://journals.ntu.edu.iq

Baker SA, Nori AS. A comparison of the randomness analysis of the modified rectangle block cipher and original algorithm. NTU J Pure Sci. 2022;1(2):10-21. Available from: https://journals.ntu.edu.iq

Heuvelmans MA, van Ooijen PM, Ather S, Silva CF, Han D, Heussel CP, et al. Lung cancer prediction by deep learning to identify benign lung nodules. Lung Cancer. 2021; 154:1-4. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com

Musthafa MM, TR M, VK V, Guluwadi S. Enhanced skin cancer diagnosis using optimized CNN architecture and checkpoints for automated dermatological lesion classification. BMC Med Imaging. 2024;24(1):201. Available from: https://bmcmedimaging.biomedcentral.com

Downloads

Published

2026-07-12

Issue

Section

Review Article

Categories

How to Cite

1.
Abdulqader TY, Baker SA, Abed MN, Salih FA. Comprehensive Review of AI Applications in Medical Diagnostics: Techniques, Challenges, and Future Directions. NTU-JPS [Internet]. 2026 Jul. 12 [cited 2026 Nov. 6];5(2):138-45. Available from: https://ntu.libraryhost.com/index.php/NTU-JPS/article/view/1614

Similar Articles

1-10 of 30

You may also start an advanced similarity search for this article.