Recent Advances in Low-Speed Wind Turbines: A Critical Review

Abstract

This review examines recent advancements in low-speed wind turbines, focusing on their design and suitability for regions with limited wind resources, such as Iraq. These turbines are crucial for enabling power generation under minimal wind speeds. Based on a comprehensive survey of relevant peer-reviewed studies, the review identifies innovations including bio-inspired blades achieving up to 13% efficiency at 4 m/s, wind boosters and diffuser nozzles increasing efficiency by up to 41%, and aerodynamic optimizations enhancing power coefficients by up to 38% while reducing blade mass by 50%. The study synthesizes findings on horizontal- and vertical-axis turbines, highlighting design strategies, tip speed ratio optimization, hybrid solar integration, and AI-based control to enhance performance and stability. Key challenges remain, including high initial costs, low public awareness, and limited policy support in developing regions. This review offers a structured, comparative analysis of low-speed turbine designs, bridging global innovations with regional implementation needs and providing practical recommendations for improving energy sustainability in low-wind areas.