Frequency analysis of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with meat yield and quality in Karadi cows

Abstract

       Beef is one of the most popular high-quality protein sources for human consumption, the global demand for beef is consistently rising. Consequently, improving productivity of farm and quality of meat is essential to meet the rising demand. There are several genes recognized in cattle that influence the yield and quality of beef. Particularly, The single-nucleotide polymorphisms of leptin and myostatin. The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of SNPs in the myostatin MST F94L (282C>A) and leptin R25C (C>T) genes of the local Karadi cow from the Kurdistan region of Iraq.  Utilizing allele-specific primer methods and tetra ARMS-PCR techniques, blood samples from 60 Karadi cows were used for genotyping. Findings showed that the leptin only one sample had homozygous TT mutant and one was heterozygous CT, with the remaining samples being homozygous wild type C/C, that recommended a genetic tendency to lean meat. In MSTN no mutations all of them homozygous wild type G/G, according to these results, Karadi cattle's mild muscle growth in comparison to specialized beef cattle can be explained by the lack of MSTN mutations, while the LEP C allele suggests that align with lean meat.  The limited allele variability draws attention to possible difficulties for traditional breeding initiatives that seek to enhance carcass characteristics. This research reveals genetic insights into Karadi cattle, suggesting advanced breeding methods. Additionally, allele-specific primers and tetra ARMS PCR techniques developed in this study are rapid, cost-effective, and reliable. Larger populations and more genetic markers should be investigated in future studies to promote long-term genetic improvement in these native cattle.