Analysis of SIgA levels in stored stool samples of symptomatic and asymptomatic Entamoeba histolytica infections

Abstract

Amoebiasis, which is caused by a protozoan parasite Entamoeba histolytica, persists as a significant health issue in regions with poor hygiene. E. histolytica which is anaerobic displays symptomatic and asymptomatic infections. The symptomatic infection can cause both intestinal and extraintestinal infections, while asymptomatic carriers remain as silent reservoirs capable of passing the parasite. Differentiation of symptomatic and asymptomatic infection is a matter of importance for clinical management and the disease distribution control. Secretory immunoglobulin A (SIgA) is a key component of mucosal immunity; it acts as the first line of defense in resistance to the parasite adherence and invasion. This research evaluated SIgA level in frozen stool samples to retain the antibody integrity, using ELISA approach. Statistical analysis was performed to compare infection groups in which n= 45 for symptomatic and n=40 for asymptomatic besides controls which were 41 individuals. Along with the laboratory analysis, deliberation was given to the general epidemiological incidence of E. histolytica. The findings of this research the immunological validity of stool SIgA measurement in discerning symptomatic from asymptomatic infections, with illustrating that frozen stool samples could supply reliable immunological assays with strongly significance results (p < 0.01). The parasite is found to infect both males and females, although some studies report a moderately higher incidence among males, possibly linked to occupational vulnerability and actional factors. Age incidence also represents a crucial role, in which the infections generally witnessed in children owing to higher susceptibility and encounter risks, while adults in endemic areas persist susceptible, especially those with impaired immunity or deficient admission to sanitation. These Perspectives provide the understanding host-parasite interactions and suggesting the role of SIgA as a possible biomarker in diagnosing and observation of amoebiasis. In addition, it displays that practically using frozen stool sample for SIgA quantification represents potential utility with excellent discrimination (AUC= 0.95).