Herding against the Odds: Challenges and Opportunities in Small Ruminant Production in Ilorin West, Kwara State, Nigeria

Abstract

Small ruminant production remains a crucial livelihood strategy for many households in Nigeria, given its low capital requirement, adaptability, and contributions to livelihood. However, productivity is constrained by traditional husbandry practices and systemic challenges. This study examined the profitability, socio-economic determinants, and constraints of small ruminant production in Ilorin West, Kwara State, Nigeria. Primary data were collected from 130 smallholder farmers through a three-stage sampling technique, and gross margin, net return analysis, and multiple regression were employed for the analysis. Results show that goat and sheep production are profitable enterprises, yielding annual net returns of ₦136,337 ($91.80) and ₦243,622 ($164.36) respectively, with foundation stock constituting the highest cost component (62.72% for goats, 68.70% for sheep). The semi-intensive system was predominant (68%), while most farmers relied on scavenging with local supplements such as maize bran and cassava peel. Regression results (R² = 0.76) indicate that marital status, production experience, household size, and household income significantly influenced herd size all at p ≤ 0.05, while gender, age, and education had no effect. Key constraints include high feed and medication costs, theft, and limited credit access. The study suggests provision of improved veterinary services, affordable credit, and cooperative structures for enhancement of small ruminant enterprise.