Real-Time Radiation Monitoring for Medicine Staff Safety: A Systematic Review of IoT-Enabled Dosimetry, Architectures, and Clinical Adoption

Abstract

Continuous occupational exposure to ionizing radiation poses long-term health risks for healthcare professionals in interventional radiology, nuclear medicine, and fluoroscopy. Even at regulatory doses, increased mortality rates due to leukemia and lymphoma have been reported. Traditional passive dosimetry provides only retrospective data, creating “blind spots” that prevent timely intervention. This systematic review of 72 peer-reviewed publications, following PRISMA 2020 guideline, evaluates real-time radiation monitoring based on the Internet of Things (IoT), wireless protocols, and clinical implementation strategies. The review identifies hybrid wireless networks, wearable semiconductor dosimeters, and advanced cloud computing as a mature foundation for continuous dose monitoring. Furthermore, artificial intelligence enables predictive dose optimization, anomaly detection, and adaptive self-alerting. Key barriers to implementation include the lack of dedicated standards for IoT dosimetry, cybersecurity, data protection and healthcare privacy compliance, and alarm fatigue. Investment in standards, future clinical validation, and interoperability is essential for routine deployment.